Chapter 7
Routes of Drug Administration
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Routes of Drug Administration
Student Objectives for this Chapter
After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-
- be able to describe various routes of drug administration including the concentration versus time profile that might expected from their administration
- be able to describe the biopharmaceutically relevant advantages and disadvantages of various routes of drug administration
One method of classifying routes of administration is ENTERAL and PARENTERAL. Enteral means to do with the GI tract and includes oral, buccal, and rectal. Parenteral means not through the alimentary canal and commonly refers to injections such as IV, IM, and SC; but could also include topical and inhalation. We can also distinguish IV from the rest, as with all others at least one membrane must be crossed, thus an absorption process is involved in the administration and the pharmacokinetic model.
Table 7.1.1 Market and Share of Pharmaceuticals by ROA
Data from Viswanathan, 2004
| ROA |
Market Value |
Market Share |
| Oral |
$24.1B |
32 % |
| Pulmonary |
$20.0B |
27 % |
| Nasal |
$8.2B |
11 % |
| Injection/Implants |
$6.6B |
9 % |
| Transdermal/Dermal |
$5.7B |
8 % |
| Transmucousal |
$0.4B |
0 % |
| Other ROA or Devices |
$10.0B |
13 % |
References
- Dosage Form definitions from the FDA
- Shargel, L. and Yu, A.B.C. 1999 Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, 4th ed., Appleton and Lange, Stamford, CT pp108-109, pp154-163.
- Gibaldi, M. 1984 Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 3rd ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA Chapters 3-7.
- Viswanathan, S. 2004 Advances in Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Formulation Quality, June/July, p20-28
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